Dual-readout lateral flow immunoassay based on upconversion nanoparticle-gold nanoparticle luminescence resonance energy transfer for rapid determination of 17β-estradiol
A luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET)-regulated dual-readout lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is reported that integrates naked-eye colorimetric screening and near-infrared-excited quantitative luminescence analysis on a single test strip, offering a versatile platform for rapid on-site screening of small-molecule contaminants in complex matrices.