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Chang Ye

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Open access Aug 2026

Fast Adaptive Reactive-Power Compensation Control for Renewable Power Plants Considering Dynamic Active-Power–Voltage Coupling

Renewable power plants connected to low-system-strength grids are increasingly dominated by inverter-based resources (IBRs). Their point of common coupling (PCC) voltage is therefore shaped not only by reactive-power support but also by active-power ramps, network impedance, short-circuit capacity, and converter limits. Conventional Q-V droop control, fixed power-factor control, Volt/VAR control, and fixed active-power/reactive-power (P/Q) decoupling schemes often absorb active-power excursions into the voltage error, which can drive excessive reactive-power injection during fault clearing, post-fault power recovery, and phase-angle disturbances. Here, an active-power–voltage-coupling-aware reactive-power compensation (APVQ-RC) method is proposed for plant-level voltage control. The method estimates local P-V and Q-V voltage sensitivities online, reconstructs an effective voltage error, and produces a capacity-constrained reactive-power reference through smooth coupling activation. The reduced-order evaluation includes estimator conditioning, excitation screening, sensitivity-estimation error and empirical 95% estimator-error intervals, sensitivity to the smoothing factor and window length, measurement noise, converter capability saturation, and computational timing. Under P-V-coupled transients, APVQ-RC reduces voltage overshoot and reactive-power compensation energy while retaining Q-V-like support during voltage-sag-dominated events. Compared with the best scanned fixed P/Q baseline, it reduces overshoot, reactive-power compensation energy, and reactive-power peak by 42.03%, 60.35%, and 8.90%, respectively; the representative single-step calculation time is 0.0188 ms within a 1 ms control cycle. These results indicate millisecond-scale plant-level feasibility within the reduced model, while electromagnetic-transient, hardware-in-the-loop, and field validation remain necessary before deployment.

Jia-Cheng Li, Chang Ye, Meng-Han Xiao et al. · Energies · 0 citations

Open access Sep 2026

Multi-Objective Siting and Sizing of Energy Storage Systems in Active Distribution Networks Considering Reactive Power Support from Energy Storage Converters

High photovoltaic penetration makes active distribution networks sensitive to voltage deviations, reverse power flow, and feeder operating stress. Energy storage converters can provide two complementary services: active power energy shifting and local, within-step reactive power support for voltage regulation. This paper develops a converter-aware multi-objective siting and sizing model in which installation buses, energy capacities, and PCS ratings are optimized jointly. The model explicitly represents the P-Q capability circle, voltage-droop reactive power command, reactive headroom, SOC limits, radial power flow, voltage deviation, and network loss; annualized cost and throughput-based degradation are retained as bounded planning terms rather than the sole design target. An adaptive multi-objective differential evolution (AMODE) algorithm solves the mixed discrete–continuous nonlinear problem using Latin hypercube initialization, adaptive mutation and crossover, hybrid mutation, an external archive, feasibility repair, and TOPSIS selection. IEEE33 and IEEE69 case studies are evaluated over thirty independent runs. In IEEE33, the selected plan raises the minimum voltage from 0.8866 to 0.9579 p.u. and reduces daily losses by 11.70%. The ablation study shows that removing PCS reactive support reduces the minimum voltage to 0.9190 p.u., demonstrating the technical role of converter-based Q support. The larger IEEE69 experiments further assess Pareto-front quality, feasibility, and statistical robustness. The hourly quasi-static formulation represents local converter action within each planning interval; it does not evaluate sub-second control or electromagnetic transients.

Chang Ye, Xun Xu, Liangli Xiong et al. · Energies · 0 citations