GPR-Based Characterization of Pavement Void: A Comprehensive Analysis via Numerical Simulation, Physical Modeling, and Field Verification
Interlayer voids threaten pavement integrity, but their ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signatures and measurable dimensions depend on the acquisition conditions and target geometry. This study combines two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, a full-scale wet-sand experiment, and a preliminary field c...