Hydro-induced large deformation and control of tunnels in silty weathered tuff: a case study of the Liren Tunnel
Severe large-deformation hazards, including support cracking and face instability, occurred at the Liren Tunnel entrance, which traverses complex composite strata of weathered tuff and silty soil. This study investigates failure mechanisms under coupled hydro-induced deterioration and engineering disturbances. Laborato...