Thyroid Eye Disease in the Teprotumumab Era: Pathophysiology, Clinical Activity Assessment, and an Updated Therapeutic Landscape
Thyroid eye disease (TED), the principal extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, is an autoimmune orbitopathy. The pathophysiology involves aberrant thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling on orbital fibroblasts, leading to glycosaminoglycan accu...