Broken rice is an underutilized agro-industrial by-product with high starch content and potential for value-added applications. However, native starch has several limitations, including high hydrophilicity and relatively large particle size, which may restrict its broader functional use. This study investigated the modification of broken rice starch through acetylation followed by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis to obtain acetylated starch with reduced particle size. Acetylation was carried out using two acetic anhydride levels, namely 10 and 20 g/100 g starch, and reaction times of 15, 30, and 45 min. The modified starches were evaluated for acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS), and were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing acetic anhydride level and reaction time increased acetyl content and DS, with the highest DS value of 0.119 ± 0.004 obtained at 20 g/100 g starch and 45 min. After acid hydrolysis, the DS decreased to 0.055 ± 0.002. FTIR spectra indicated structural changes after acetylation and subsequent hydrolysis. The acid-hydrolyzed acetylated starch showed an average particle size of 557.72 ± 3.18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08 ± 0.03, a zeta potential of 3.10 ± 0.40 mV, and irregular surface morphology. These findings indicate that sequential acetylation and acid hydrolysis of broken rice starch produced an acetylated starch material with reduced particle size and altered surface characteristics. However, the low zeta potential suggests limited colloidal stability, indicating that further optimization is required before further application-related evaluation.
Winni Nur Auli, Inas Dzaky Salsabila, B. Pratama et al.· Journal of Applied Pharmaceu...· 0 citations
Background and Aim: The widespread restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production has accelerated the search for sustainable nutritional strategies that enhance bird health while maintaining productivity. Among these alternatives, probiotics have emerged as promising functional feed additives because of their ability to modulate the gut–immune axis, improve intestinal homeostasis, and strengthen host defense mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence regarding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotics and their potential as sustainable alternatives to AGPs in poultry production. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were critically evaluated to summarize the effects of probiotic supplementation on gut microbiota composition, intestinal barrier integrity, innate and adaptive immune responses, disease resistance, and production performance. The review highlights the strain-specific actions of commonly used probiotic genera, including Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces, emphasizing their roles in competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, regulation of cytokine expression, enhancement of mucosal and systemic antibody responses, and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence on postbiotics, paraprobiotics, synbiotics, and precision nutritional approaches is also discussed as part of next-generation strategies for improving poultry health. Although numerous studies demonstrate beneficial effects of probiotics on intestinal morphology, immune function, vaccine responsiveness, oxidative stress, and resistance to enteric pathogens, considerable variability remains due to differences in probiotic strains, dosage, supplementation period, bird genotype, management practices, and experimental conditions. These inconsistencies highlight the need for standardized strain characterization, optimized administration protocols, and long-term commercial validation to improve reproducibility and field application. Overall, probiotics represent an effective and environmentally sustainable approach for supporting poultry health while reducing dependence on antibiotics. Continued advances in molecular biology, microbiome research, precision livestock farming, and artificial intelligence are expected to facilitate the development of targeted probiotic interventions that enhance disease resistance, improve production efficiency, promote animal welfare, and contribute to sustainable poultry production systems.
Keywords: antibiotic alternatives, disease resistance, gut health, immune modulation, microbiota, poultry, probiotics, sustainable production.
A. Yulianto, A. Khairullah, W. Lokapirnasari et al.· Veterinary World· 0 citations
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