Open access
Jul 2026
Urinary heavy metal and trace element mixtures in chronic kidney disease: associations and implications for potential reverse causality
It is suggested that urinary elements in CKD reflect not only exposure but also disease-related alterations in renal excretory function, and the potential for reverse causality when interpreting urinary elements as biomarkers or predictors of kidney outcomes is highlighted.
S. Xie, Julien Vaucher, M. Perrais et al.
· Frontiers in Toxicology · 0 citations