Sharp Transitions for Localized Solutions to a Diophantine Inequality
For fixed $\tau>0$, non-integer $\theta>2$ and large enough $s$, we investigate the number of solutions to the Diophantine inequality $|x_1^{\theta}+\cdots +x_s^{\theta} - R|<\tau$ as $R \to \infty$. Here, we restrict the variables $x_i$ in the ``almost diagonal"range $X-Y<x_i \leq X+Y$ for $i = 1, \ldots, s$, where $X = (R/s)^{1/\theta}$ and $Y \asymp \sqrt{X}$. Let $\omega = (\lfloor s/2 \rfloor(\theta-1))^{-1/2}$. We will show that if $Y = c\sqrt{X}$ for some $c>\omega$ then for sufficiently large $R$ there must always exist solutions, but if $c<\omega$ then there exist arbitrarily large positive $R$ for which there are no solutions. Our result is thus essentially sharp, with the exception of $c = \omega$. This work is analogous to the results of Daemen and Wright in which similar statements are proved for Waring's problem, though our results are likely somewhat stronger than what is possible in that setting. We discuss other related results and further work to be done.