The Silent Vascular Shift: Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk in Menopausal Women.
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, with the risk significantly increasing after menopause. Hormonal changes during menopause influence the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Lowering levels of estrogen causes vascular hardening, decr...