Arshad Mahmood

Prediction and Proactive Congestion Mitigation in Software-Defined Networks Using a Hybrid Spatio-Temporal GCN–LSTM and Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a promising paradigm for centralized network management; however, conventional routing protocols remain predominantly reactive, responding only after congestion has already occurred. This reactive behavior increases end-to-end latency, packet loss, and inefficient bandwi...