Author

Archana Dutta

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Preprint Aug 2026

Can Frontier LLMs Match Natively Multimodal Embeddings? A Comparison on Hard-Negative Text-to-Image Retrieval

This study provides the first direct comparison of native multimodal embeddings against LLM-based visual ranking on Flickr30k, and observes that GPT-4.1 and Claude Sonnet 4.6 perform on par with Gemini Embedding 2.

Archana Dutta, Vyanktesh Kanungo · 0 citations