The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Precision Therapeutics, A Comprehensive Review
This review summarizes current evidence on alterations in the gut microbiota in ASD and critically examines whether these changes contribute to disease pathogenesis or represent secondary effects, and highlights recent advances in multi-kingdom microbiome profiling, metabolomics, mechanistic studies of neuro inflammation, and neurotransmitter signaling.