ASDS: Adaptive Stackelberg Defense Scheme for Cyber-Physical Intrusion Detection in Cloudified Transportation Systems
Cloud-enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) leverage Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications to support scalable data processing and real-time traffic management. However, this integration significantly expands the cyber-physical attack surface. Conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) that rely on static signatures or offline-trained models are often ill-suited to counter adaptive attackers. This paper presents the Adaptive Stackelberg Defense Scheme (ASDS), a proactive intrusion detection system that models attacker-defender interactions as a hierarchical Bayesian Stackelberg game with incomplete information. ASDS employs Bayesian filtering to jointly estimate system states and attacker types in real time, enabling adaptive defense strategies. Evaluated against False Data Injection (FDI), Denial-of-Service (DoS), and spoofing attacks, ASDS achieves detection accuracy between 94% and 98%, false positive rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.08, and response latency under 50 ms. These results underscore its effectiveness in securing cloud-enabled ITS environments.