Multifocal HPV16-positive squamous cell carcinomas in CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency: expanding the spectrum of virus-associated malignancies
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) haploinsufficiency is an inborn error of immunity characterized by immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and an increased risk of malignancy. While susceptibility to oncogenic viral infections has been proposed, the relationship between CTLA-4 hapl...