Akihiko Yamaguchi

Biologics in Systemic Sclerosis: An Organ- and Manifestation-Specific Reappraisal of What Has Changed, What Has Not, and Why

This focused narrative review reappraises biologic therapies in SSc using a manifestation-based framework spanning cutaneous, pulmonary, vascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and global or composite outcomes and argues that vasculopathy may represent an upstream pathogenic layer that constrains the disease-modif...