U-PEN Mamba: Progressive Expansion with Selective State-Space Modeling for Efficient Retinal Vessel Segmentation
Accurate retinal vessel segmentation is important for computer-aided ophthalmic analysis, yet thin vessels, low contrast, and severe foreground-background imbalance remain challenging for encoder-decoder networks. This paper presents U-PEN Mamba, a U-shaped retinal vessel segmentation architecture that couples progress...