Ecological adaptation of introduced tree and shrub species in the Caspian semi-desert of Western Kazakhstan
Abstract The introduction of tree and shrub species represents a key instrument for establishing resilient plantations in arid regions. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the adaptive potential of 42 introduced species cultivated under semi-desert conditions in Western Kazakhstan. Adaptation was evaluated using a multi-criteria framework including winter hardiness, frost resistance, drought tolerance, resistance to pests and diseases, phenological traits, and reproductive capacity. All parameters were scored using a standardized rating system, and an integral adaptation coefficient was calculated as the ratio of the sum of actual scores to the maximum possible value. The results revealed substantial interspecific variability in adaptive performance. The highest adaptive potential was observed in species combining tolerance to abiotic stresses, early cessation of shoot growth, and stable flowering and fruiting. The application of an integral index enabled objective ranking of introduced taxa and identification of promising species for shelterbelts and forest reclamation plantings under arid climatic conditions.