Spectro-temporal vs. spectral features to predict the lombard gain in Mandarin Chinese
Background In background noise, speakers adapt their speech production, giving rise to Lombard speech, which often improves speech intelligibility (SI). While intelligibility benefits of Lombard speech have been extensively studied in non-tonal languages, it remains unclear whether spectro-temporal cues, which are critical for tonal contrasts, are necessary to predict both the Lombard gain (LG) (i.e., intelligibility improvement relative to plain speech) and absolute SI in Mandarin Chinese. Methods Predictions of two SI-models were compared, namely, an automatic speech recognition (ASR)-based approach using spectral or spectro-temporal features and the speech intelligibility index (SII)-based model using spectral features. Predicted LG and absolute speech recognition threshold (SRT) values, for five female and six male speakers in stationary speech-shaped noise, were compared with empirical data. Results For both models, spectral features alone are sufficient for accurate prediction of the LG for both models. In contrast, predictions of absolute SRT were most accurate when spectro-temporal features were included, capturing substantial inter-speaker variability. Conclusions Despite the tonal nature of Mandarin, spectro-temporal features are not required to predict the LG. However, they are essential to predict the absolute SRTs, which vary across speakers.