Medicinal Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds having anti-microbial properties and effectiveness against infectious diseases, have a greater affinity to mitigate antibiotic resistance, and to produce alternative, economical veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition of Azadirachta Indica, Melia Azedarach, Withania Coagulans, and Nigella Sativa, and their antimicrobial properties against E. coli O157:H7. The plants were sequentially extracted using hydro-methanolic solvent. Phenolic acids (Gallic acid, Sinapic acid, Caffeic acid) and Flavonols (Myricetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol) were quantified using Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Agar Well diffusion assay at concentrations of 100–400 mg/mL, with ciprofloxacin as the positive control. HPLC revealed gallic acid as the predominant phenolic compound in A. indica (83.28%), M. azedarach (83.36%), and W. coagulans (98.61%), while sinapic acid dominated in N. sativa (74.59%). Flavonol composition varied, with kaempferol highest in A. indica (80.84%), myricetin in M. azedarach (63.08%) and N. sativa (100%), and quercetin in W. coagulans (65.92%). Antibacterial activity was dose-dependent, with the hydro-methanolic extract showing the highest activity at 400 mg/mL. M. azedarach exhibited the largest inhibition zone (12.21 ± 1.16 mm), followed by N. sativa (9.03 ± 1.47 mm), A. indica (8.98 ± 1.97 mm), and W. coagulans (8.81 ± 1.39 mm). The study concluded that the medicinal plants used were rich in phenolic compounds, showing strong antimicrobial properties against E. coli O157:H7, and can be used as a promising candidate for an affordable antibiotic alternative.
A. Khan, Muhammad Muneeb, A. Shaukat et al.· Kashmir Journal of Academic...· 0 citations
Milk-derived extracellular-vesicles (mEVs) have emerged as a promising natural nanocarriers for nutraceutical and therapeutic applications, owing to their rich cargo of bioactive proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and metabolites, coupled with their inherent biocompatibility and stability. Their unique ability to withstand gastrointestinal degradation and cross biological barriers, such as blood-brain-barrier, while eliciting minimal immunogenicity provide a distinct advantage over synthetic delivery systems. Furthermore, mEVs can also be engineered or enriched with functional molecules, enabling the targeted delivery of nutraceuticals, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-inflammatory compounds, and gene regulators. Growing evidence demonstrates their capacity to modulate immune functions, support gut integrity, mitigate oxidative stress, regulate inflammatory processes, and influence systemic metabolic and neurophysiological pathways. However, their translational potential, key challenges, including scale isolation, optimize cargo loading, and comprehensive functional characterization, still limit their broader application. This review summarizes the biological properties, isolation strategies, and therapeutic prospects of mEVs, emphasizing their dual role as nutrition component and precision delivery platforms. Additionally, this review enhances our understanding regarding the beneficial application of milk-EVs as a natural, nontoxic and efficient nutraceutical carrier for next-generation nutraceutical and biomedical innovations.
Suqin Wang, A. Shaukat, Mohammed Al-Rasheed et al.· Food Science of Animal Resou...· 0 citations
Simple Summary Dairy farming faces growing challenges as farmers must produce more milk while reducing disease, lowering the use of antibiotics, and limiting environmental impacts. This review examines current and emerging ways to improve the natural communities of helpful microorganisms that live inside dairy cows to support better health and productivity. It compares different approaches, including beneficial feed supplements, the transfer of healthy gut microorganisms, advanced gene-based methods, and data-guided farm management, to assess how close they are to routine use on farms. The evidence shows that beneficial feed supplements are already improving milk production, supporting animal health, reducing disease, and lowering the need for antibiotics. Other promising methods have shown encouraging results but still require further research before they can be safely applied on a large scale. Overall, the review concludes that future progress will depend on choosing the most suitable approach for each individual animal rather than using the same solution for every herd. These advances could help create healthier dairy cows, more sustainable farming systems, safer food production, and a cleaner environment.
M. Ashfaq, M. Tharwat, Sohail Ahmed et al.· Veterinary Sciences· 0 citations
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