Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 are associated with biatrial fibrotic remodeling in human valvular heart disease.
PURPOSE Atrial fibrosis is a key structural substrate of atrial fibrillation and atrial cardiomyopathy. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) regulate TGF-β signaling and matrix organization, but their roles in human atrial remodeling remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to compar...