Exposure to childhood adversity and adult alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drug use in Germany: a cross-sectional analysis of the German National Cohort (NAKO)
Rationale Exposure to adversity in childhood and adolescence (i.e., “early-life stress”; ELS) is a well-established risk factor for substance use. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate associations between ELS exposure and substance use across subtypes of ELS, different substance classes, and behavioral p...