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Open access Sep 2026

Measurement invariance of the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale for racism among a national sample of college students.

OBJECTIVE Racial trauma is increasingly recognized as a distinct, consequential source of psychological harm. However, most existing measurements that seek to capture experiences of racism focus on event frequency rather than responses. The Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS; Williams, Printz, & DeLapp, 2018...

A. Fetter, N. K. Christophe · 0 citations

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